Welcome to Wordpublish.org Body!
The present study was designed to investigate the cryotolerance of in vitro fertilised (IVF) mouse embryos at various preimplantation developmental stages. IVF mouse embryos were vitrified by the open-pulled straw (OPS) method. After warming, embryos were morphologically evaluated and assessed by their development to blastocysts, hatched blastocysts or term. The results showed that a high proportion (93.3-100.0%) of vitrified embryos at all developmental stages were morphologically normal after recovery. The developmental rate of vitrified 1-cell embryos to blastocyst (40.0%) or hatched blastocyst (32.7%) or term (9.3%) was significantly lower than that from other stages (P<0.05). Vitrified embryos from 2-cell to early blastocyst stage showed similar blastocyst (71.8-89.5%) and hatched blastocyst rates (61.1-69.6%) and could develop to term without a significant loss of survival compared with those of fresh embryos (P>0.05). Vitrified 2-cell embryos showed the highest survival rate in vivo (50.6%, 88/174), compared with that from other stages (9.3-30.5%, P<0.05). The data demonstrate that the OPS method is suitable for the cryopreservation of IVF mouse embryos from 2-cell stage to early blastocyst stage without a significant loss of survival. Embryos at the 2-cell stage had the best tolerance for cryopreservation in the present study.
Yan ChangLiang Yang QiEn Zhou GuangBin Hou YunPeng Zhao XueMing Fan ZhiQiang Liu ManQing Liu Lin Zhu ShiEn
College of Animal Science and Technology, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
AIMS: To investigate alcohol drinking among urban Chinese and any changes between 2002 and 2005. DESIGN: Two identical face-to-face interviews were carried out with two random samples with 2327 and 2613 respondents, respectively. SETTING: Respondents were selected randomly from Wuhan City, Hubei province, China, between May and June 2002, and June and August 2005. PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen to 65-year-old urban Chinese adults. MEASUREMENTS: Prevalence of drinking, frequency of drinking, typical occasion quantity, volume of annual consumption and heavier drinking were the main measures. FINDINGS: Nearly three-quarters (90% for men and 55% for women) were current alcohol drinkers in 2005, and the prevalence of drinking alcohol had increased significantly since 2002 among both men and women; the largest increases occurred in the younger group (18-19 years) and among older women. There was no change in the frequency of drinking, the average quantities consumed by drinkers and the volume of absolute alcohol consumed by drinkers over this 3-year period. However, reflecting the increased prevalence of drinkers, the median volumes of absolute alcohol consumed in the sample as a whole had increased significantly. Older males were more likely to be categorized as larger-quantity drinkers: 30-65-year-old men accounted for 63%. There was also an increase over time in the proportion of larger-quantity drinkers: the proportion of male larger-quantity drinkers increased from 27% in 2002 to 35% in 2005. CONCLUSIONS: In the urban setting of Wuhan, over the time-period 2002-05, there was an increase in prevalence of drinkers, particularly among younger people and older women. The average frequency and quantities consumed by drinkers did not change over this period; among drinking men the volumes of alcohol consumed were comparable to those in much more saturated commercial alcohol markets. The results did, however, show an increase over time in the proportion of older men who were engaged in heavier drinking and, in 2005, the proportion exceeded that in more saturated markets. These data suggest that, given the relatively high levels of consumption among established drinking groups, increases in the prevalence of drinkers over time may result in increases in harm if effective policies are not implemented.
Zhang,J Casswell,S Cai,H
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Tongji Medical College, China.
The purpose of this research was to study whether the bioavailability of ursodeoxycholic acid could be improved by administering ursodeoxycholic acid–phospholipid complex (UDCA–PLC) orally to rats. A central composite design approach was used for process optimization in order to obtain the acceptable UDCA–PLC. The physicochemical properties of the complex obtained by optimal parameters were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy; X-ray diffraction. The pharmacokinetic parameters; bioavailability studies were conducted in rats of UDCA after oral administration of UDCA–PLC; UDCA tablet. Multiple linear regression analysis for process optimization revealed that the acceptable UDCA–PLC was obtained wherein the optimal values of X 1, X 2; X 3 were 3, 60°C; 3 h, respectively. The XRD studies of UDCA–PLC obtained by the optimal parameters demonstrated that UDCA; phospholipids in the UDCA–PLC were combined by non-covalent bonds, not form new compounds. But pharmacokinetic parameters of the complex in rats were T max 1.6 h, C max 0.1346 μg/ml, 11.437 μg·h/ml, respectively. The relative bioavailability of UDCA of UDCA–PLC was increased by 241%,compared with the reference ursodeoxycholic acid tablet.
Peng-Fei Yue1 Wen-Jin Zhang1 Hai-Long Yuan1 Email:yhlpharm@126.com Ming Yang2 Wei-Feng Zhu2 Pei-Lie Cai3 Xiao-He Xiao1
[1] 302 Hospital of PLA&PLA Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, 100039, China ;[2] Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Nanchang, 330004, China ;[3] Huiren Group, Shanghai, 201203, China
2008.9.1 done