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Objective-To assess bioequivalence after oral, IM, and IV administration of racemic ketoprofen in pigs and to investigate the bioavailability after oral and IM administration. Animals-8 crossbred pigs. Procedures-Each pig received 4 treatments in a randomized crossover design, with a 6-day washout period. Ketoprofen was administered at 3 and 6 mg/kg, PO; 3 mg/kg, IM; and 3 mg/kg, IV. Plasma ketoprofen concentrations were measured by use of high-performance liquid chromatography for up to 48 hours. To assess bioequivalence, a 90% confidence interval was calculated for the area under the time-concentration curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (C(max)). Results-Equivalence was not detected in the AUCs among the various routes of administration nor in C(max) between oral and IM administration of 3 mg/kg. The bioavailability of ketoprofen was almost complete after each oral or IM administration. Mean +/- SD C(max) was 5.09 +/- 1.41 mug/mL and 7.62 +/- 1.22 mug/mL after oral and IM doses of 3 mg/kg, respectively. Mean elimination half-life varied from 3.52 +/- 0.90 hours after oral administration of 3 mg/kg to 2.66 +/- 0.50 hours after IV administration. Time to peak C(max) after administration of all treatments was approximately 1 hour. Increases in AUC and C(max) were proportional when the orally administered dose was increased from 3 to 6 mg/kg. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Orally administered ketoprofen was absorbed well in pigs, although bioequivalence with IM administration of ketoprofen was not detected. Orally administered ketoprofen may have potential for use in treating pigs.
Raekallio MR Mustonen KM Heinonen ML Peltoniemi OA Sakkinen MS Peltoniemi SM Honkavaara JM Vainio OM
Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 57, University of Helsinki, Fl-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
AIMS: The aim of this paper is to study short-term changes in alcohol consumption by subgroups of the population in Denmark, Finland and southern Sweden following large-scale decreases in alcohol taxation in Denmark and Finland and large increases in travellers’ allowances in Finland and Sweden. DESIGN: General population random samples surveyed before and after the changes, using northern Sweden as a control site. SETTING: Denmark, Finland, southern Sweden and northern Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: Respondents aged 16-69 years. MEASUREMENTS: Volume of drinking is the main measure reported. Changes are examined by gender, age, income and year 2003 consumption level. RESULTS: Consumption decreased or remained the same among women and men in all three study sites. Relative changes were similar across subgroups of age, gender and income in all countries. In absolute terms, there was a consistent differential change by age in Denmark, Finland and Southern Sweden, with the higher level of the young and lower level of the old converging. Women’s and men’s consumption converged in Finland and southern Sweden. The changes did not differ systematically by income. Changes were not larger among heavier drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: The results did not confirm expectations: an increase in consumption larger than that in the control site could not be shown in any of the countries or subgroups of the population. If there has been an effect — as shown in aggregate data in Finland — it seems to have been stronger among the old than the young and, in Finland and southern Sweden, among women rather than men.
Makela,P Bloomfield,K Gustafsson,NK Huhtanen,P Room,R
Alcohol and Drug Research Group, National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (STAKES), Helsinki, Finland. pia.makela@stakes.fi
The purpose of this research was to study the feasibility of the new image analysis method in the particle size determination of the granules. The method is capable of forming a three-dimensional topographic image of a sample surface from a digital picture. In the method, a flat granule bed surface was illuminated from three different directions, using the three primary colors (red, green,; blue). One color picture was taken by a digital camera, after which a topographic image of the object surface was constructed. The particle size distribution was then calculated from the image data. The particle size analysis method was tested both off-line; on-line. Off-line particle size measurement results determined by the image analysis method corresponded quite well to those of sieve analysis in the size fraction range 250–1,000 μm. In on-line application, images were successfully retrieved; median granule size trend could be calculated; followed during fluid bed granulations.
Tero N?rv?nen1 Email:tero.narvanen@orionpharma.com Kari Sepp?l?1 Osmo Antikainen2 Jouko Yliruusi2
[1] Orion Corporation, Orion Pharma, Orionintie 1, P.O. Box 65, 02101 Espoo, Finland ;[2] Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
The purpose of this research was to study the feasibility of the new image analysis method in the particle size determination of the granules. The method is capable of forming a three-dimensional topographic image of a sample surface from a digital picture. In the method, a flat granule bed surface was illuminated from three different directions, using the three primary colors (red, green,; blue). One color picture was taken by a digital camera, after which a topographic image of the object surface was constructed. The particle size distribution was then calculated from the image data. The particle size analysis method was tested both off-line; on-line. Off-line particle size measurement results determined by the image analysis method corresponded quite well to those of sieve analysis in the size fraction range 250–1,000 μm. In on-line application, images were successfully retrieved; median granule size trend could be calculated; followed during fluid bed granulations.
Tero N?rv?nen1 Email:tero.narvanen@orionpharma.com Kari Sepp?l?1 Osmo Antikainen2 Jouko Yliruusi2
[1] Orion Corporation, Orion Pharma, Orionintie 1, P.O. Box 65, 02101 Espoo, Finland ;[2] Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of tablet porosity; particle size fraction of compacted Starch acetate powders, with; without model drug caffeine, on acoustic properties of tablets. The ultrasound velocity was determined from the transmission measurements. Tablets of starch acetate (SA DS 2.7) powder with two particle size fractions of 0–53; 0–710 μm were compressed with a compaction simulator. Porosities of tablets varied in the range from 12% to 43% for both particle size fractions. Strong associations were found between the ultrasound velocity; physical properties of the tablets such as porosity; particle size fraction. Interestingly, ultrasound velocity was practically insensitive to inclusion of the model drug caffeine with the concentrations used. Based on this study ultrasound transmission method is a potential non-destructive tool for studying structural changes of tablets; other solid dosage forms.
M. A. Hakulinen1 Email:mikko.hakulinen@uku.fi J. Paj er2 J. Leskinen1 J. Ketolainen2 B. van Veen2 K. Niinim?ki1 K. Pirskanen1 A. Poso3 R. Lappalainen1
[1] Department of Physics, BioMater Centre, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland ;[2] Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland ;[3] Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland ;[4] Orion Pharma R&D, Orion Corporation, P.O. Box 65, 02101 Espoo, Finland