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We present a case of leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata (LPD) after laparoscopic myomectomy with imaging features corroborating laparoscopic tract dissemination of the tumor. This would suggest a subset cases of LPD may be secondary to transcoelomic dissemination of a primary uterine leiomyoma rather than de novo peritoneal metaplasia. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of LPD and subcutaneous leiomyoma complicating laparoscopic surgery. The imaging features of LPD are reviewed. Radiologists as well as clinicians should consider LPD as a potential complication of laparoscopic myomectomy.
Thian YL Tan KH Kwek JW Wang J Chern B Yam KL
Department of Diagnostic Radiology, KK Women’s and Children Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore, ylthian@gmail.com.
The supramolecular structures formed between cyclodextrins (CDs) and polymers have inspired interesting developments of novel supramolecular biomaterials. This review will update the recent progress in studies on supramolecular structures based on CDs and block copolymers, followed by the design and synthesis of CD-based supramolecular hydrogels and biodegradable polyrotaxanes for potential controlled drug delivery, and CD-containing cationic polymers and cationic polyrotaxanes for gene delivery. Supramolecular hydrogels based on the self-assembly of the inclusion complexes between CDs with biodegradable block copolymers could be used as promising injectable drug delivery systems for sustained controlled release of macromolecular drugs. Biodegradable polyrotaxanes with drug-conjugated CDs threaded on a polymer chain with degradable end-caps could be interesting supramolecular prodrugs for controlled and targeting delivery of drugs. CD-containing cationic polymers as gene carriers showed reduced cytotoxicity than non-CD-containing polymer counterparts. More importantly, the polyplexes of CD-containing cationic polymers with DNA could be pegylated through a supramolecular process using inclusion complexation between the CD moieties and a modified PEO. Finally, new cationic polyrotaxanes composed of multiple oligoethylenimine-grafted CDs threaded and end-capped on a block copolymer chain were designed and synthesized as a new class of polymeric gene delivery vectors, where the chain-interlocked cationic cyclic units formed an integrated supramolecular entity to function as a macromolecular gene vector. The development of the supramolecular biomaterials through inclusion complexation has opened up a new approach for designing novel drug and gene delivery systems, which may have many advantages over the systems based on the conventional polymeric materials.
Li,J Loh,XJ
Division of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 7 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117574, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456
The purpose of this research was to explore the possibility of employing PAT for particle sizing during spray drying with the use of an in-line; at-line laser diffraction system. Microspheres were made using maltodextrin; modified starch as wall material; size results obtained using PAT compared with those determined with off-line laser diffraction; light microscopy. Median particle size results were highest for in-line laser diffraction, followed by at-line; off-line laser diffraction; finally light microscopy. This was due to the presence of agglomerates which were measured as discrete microspheres in the in-line set-up. At-line; off-line laser diffraction gave results more closely correlated with individual microsphere sizes due to agglomerate breakdown during the measurement process. Light microscopy allowed direct observation of the particle morphology, however, its use for particle sizing was tedious; sample size was much smaller compared to laser diffraction. Although PAT was found to be an efficient; convenient tool, careful data interpretation was needed taking into account the cohesiveness of the material measured. The at-line set-up appeared to be more suitable in this particular application.
L. W. Chan1 L. H. Tan1 Paul W. S. Heng1 Email:phapaulh@nus.edu.sg
[1] GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore